CertiK Completes Formal Verification of zkWasm, Mathematically Proving the zkVM Sound

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CertiK used the Coq proof assistant to prove zkWasm's circuits sound across its full instruction set, catching a design bug audits missed.
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CertiK has completed a formal verification of zkWasm, the zero-knowledge virtual machine for WebAssembly built by Delphinus Lab. Using the Coq proof assistant, it proved the zkVM's Halo2 circuits sound and knowledge sound across arithmetic, bitwise, memory, control-flow and function-call instructions. The work, which CertiK began in 2024, runs to more than 33,000 lines of machine-checked Coq and caught a critical design bug that auditing had missed. It arrives as Ethereum prepares to verify its own blocks with zkVM proofs, with the Ethereum Foundation targeting 128-bit provable security by the end of 2026.